Fast food, Quick Service Restaurant or restaurants refferred as QSR within the industry itself is a concept that is found in 19th century by the Roman vendors who were selling bread soaked in the wine in the pre-modern europe. Then as the world become more modernized and the growing demands of the people increased, the concept of fast food become more industralized and popular and the number of fast food places increased in huge amounts compare to recent decades. Restaurants such Mc.Donalds,...

Introduction Normal fertilisation is characterised by the visualisation of two distinct pronuclei (2PN) 16-20 hours after conventional insemination or intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Abnormalities of fertilisation are also observed with either 1 pronucleus (1PN), ≥3 pronuclei or cleavage without observation of nuclei (0PN). Oocytes demonstrating ≥ 3PN are not transferred as they are thought to be triploid (Feenan and Herbert, 2006). However, difficulty arises when there are no normally...

Eukaryotic cells contain a definite membrane-bound organelle, the nucleus which carries genetic material, organized in the form of multiple DNA molecules with a variety of proteins to form chromosomes. Chromosomes contain genes, their regulatory elements and other DNA binding proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functioning. Since the total length of cellular DNA is upto hundred thousand times a cell's length, the entire chromosomal DNA is held in the nucleus in the form of...

Escherichia coli, or E.coli, is a versatile bacterium which has many different strains with different adaptations. Most strains are harmless and found as normal flora within the intestinal tract of humans and warm-blooded animals. (Meers, et al.,1995) There are, however, some strains, for example O157:H7, which can cause disease, and are usually sourced from food contamination. (Semenova, et al., 2010). The following is a discussion focused on E.coli as a food-borne disease. Epidemiology E.coli...

Correlation analyses were performed with Spearman rank order correlation. The Wilcoxon rank sum test was used to test for differences in haematological outcomes between exposed subjects and controls. Subsequent analyses were performed on the 3 groups of study subjects: controls; subjects exposed to ≤ 31 ppm benzene; and subjects exposed to > 31 ppm benzene. Continuous outcome data that were not normally distributed were logarithmically transformed. Analysis of covariance was used to...

INTRODUCTION Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), is a sector of oxidoreductase family, it catalyzes the oxidation of alcohols, using NAD+ or NADP+ as the electron acceptor (White and White 1997). The reaction is ammendable and substrates can be a collection of primary or secondary alcohols, and hemiacetals. Alcohol dehydrogenases are active in major parts of organisms, also, it is the most active construction of the enzyme. Alcohol dehydrogenase is the toiler of the alcohol enzymes it delineate the...

Abstract This review illustrates the need to advance our ability to understand, predict, and mitigate effects of urbanization on wildlife resources.1. IntroductionThe process of urbanization often results in extensive modification of the natural environment, and confronts organisms with a range of novel conditions (Dickman and Doncaster, 1987). Over the past century an increase in human population density has resulted in an increase in the process of urbanisation and the construction of...

The Article to be evaluated is "Effect of enzymatic cross-linking of milk proteins on functional properties of set-style yoghurt" by P Chr lorenzen 1*, H Neve2, A Mautner1 and E Schlimme1.The article was published in "International Journal of Dairy Technology" Vol. 55, No 3 August 2002.The article submission and acceptance date is not given which could have been important to know the year in which this research was conducted but the online date is available. The journal was...

In-Hyun Park et all carried out a study in which they generated induced pluripotent stem cells from patient with range of inherited disease. Thus disease specific stem cells permit reforming the normal and pathologic human tissue development in vitro which helps to examine the disease and facilitate drug development. They have generated human induce pluripotent stem cells line (iPS) in patient with a number of genetic disease such as down syndrome (DS)/ trisomy 21, shwachman-bodian-diamond...

Escherichia coli otherwise referred to as E. coli are gram negative bacteria which are commonly located within the lower intestine of people, animals and also in there faeces. There are over 700 strains of E. coli, making up the gut flora most of which do not cause infection. Some types of E. coli can cause serious disease when it leaves the intestine and spreads. The toxins released by the bacteria damage the gut walls mucosal cells and vascular endothelial cells. An infection to the bladder...