The purpose is , determining whether amino acids or proteins are present in solution and amino acids are carrying a free amine group by using biuret test, ninhydrin test, xanthoproteic test and heavy metal precipitation test.THEORY :Proteins are organic compounds made of amino acids.The amino acids joined together by the peptide bonds.Proteins have three dimensional structures. Primary structure is the amino acid sequence.Secondary structure , alpha helix, beta sheet . Secondary structures are...

The entire world is full of pathogens which we need to fight off to leave a normal life. Due to this, we have an immune system that helps us fight off and prevent/manage subsequent infections. Our immune system can be classified into two, the innate and acquired immune responses. The innate immune response is broadly specific and provides the first defensive action against any infection. Their response to any subsequent infection stays the same as the initial infection. In contrast, the...

Experiments was carried out with Blackgram urd bean Variety TNAU Co 6 to Study the Effects of gamma rays and EMS on seeed germination and survival, pollen and seed fertility, plant height, no of primary branch no of cluster per plant,no of pod per plant ,pod length, no of seed per plan, hunder seed weight, and yield per plant in M1generation and progressive reduction in germination and survival percentage, pollen and seed fertility and yield related triats were observed in the mutagenic...

Genetically modified food, also known as GM food refer to foodstuff such as animals or plants that had their genetic makeup altered to make them grow bigger, stay fresher and other benefits that will make human life more simple. The concept of genetically modified (GM) foods has existed for many years. Cross-breeding of plants, such as different types of corn, has been applied before with the purpose of transferring a desirable trait from one plant species to another (Whitman, 2000). However, a...

Insect damage causes huge loses of agricultural crops each year. Without proper control measures it is estimated that 35% of current global cotton production would be lost. Though certain insects are considered beneficial in agricultural practices, most of the insects cause huge loses every year especially in developing countries. Based on the method of feeding, the insects affecting the plants are classified as follows (Singh et al., 2005): These insects insert their mouth into the tissue of...

Within this report I am going to investigate the effect of stress on the meat quality of cattle, and outline possible solutions to this issue.What are the effects of stress on meat quality?Stress has a major impact on meat significantly decreasing the quality of it. Energy required for muscle activity is obtained from glycogen in the muscle. Once the animal has been slaughtered the glycogen is converted into lactic acid. Lactic acid is required to produce meat, which is tender and tasteful,...

Early in my graduate career, I was exposed to the community of scientists known as diatomists. Fascinated by the tiny silica skeletons of diatoms, they were intent on understanding the microbial world. The late Patrick Reimer was one of the most influential of these scientists and directly taught most of the current leaders of the field in his summer course at Iowa Lakeside Lab. He was notorious for shouting "think like a diatom" at his students as we waded along the shores of Lake...

On April 14, 2003 the International Human Genome Consortium announced the successful completion of the Human Genome Project. Together with the development of many automated techniques for rapidly obtaining large quantities of genomic data, this milestone resulted in a major paradigm shift in biological research. The traditional hypothesis-driven research paradigm is giving way to the new paradigm of information- or data-driven hypothesis formulation and research. Also the pharmacology field is...

Abstract: Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the latest trend in this era. OFDM is a multicarrier modulation technique that has recently found wide adoption in a widespread variety of high-data-rate communication systems, including digital subscriber lines, wireless LANs (802.11a/g/n), digital video broadcasting. Original OFDM signals have high PAPR (Peak to Average Power Ratio) which require expensive radio transmitters and receivers having high power amplifiers operating in...

This research paper is mainly focus on Human herpes simplex virus (HSV) which is a human nuclear DNA virus that is able to replicate in different types of cells of many species. The virus has 12 envelope surface glycoprotein which leads entry to wide range of host. Unlike many other viruses, HSV has three different receptors, and it uses broadly distributed heparan moiety of cell surface glycosaminoglycans for attachment. However HSV encounters several obstacles that blocks replication within...