This is the most obvious change that needed to be made in order to move from an aquatic to a terrestrial mode of life. To obtain an adequate supply of oxygen from water organisms had special structures such as gills which had both an extensive surface and a rich blood supply. These are usually delicate structures that cannot support themselves out of water and cannot get enough oxygen because the gill filaments become stuck together (Paul, 1980). Oxygen is more abundant in air at 8.65mol...

David J. Marchette et. al., worked on the fundamental problem of automating the detection and recognition of abnormalities in digital mammograms utilizing computational statistics is one of extracting the appropriate features for use in a classification system. They considered a method of using boundaries to segment the window into more homogeneous regions for use in the feature extraction calculation. This approach has been applied to the problem of discriminating between tumor and healthy...

For many years, sleeping sickness has been a major problem in the African continent generally in West Africa and more specifically in the sub-Saharan areas. The disease is caused by African trypanosome parasites which are usually in tsetse flies. The specie that is responsible for this disease is the Trypasonoma brucei. This species can be categorized into three sub-species; T. b. gambiense, T. brucei, and T. b. rhodesiense. Usually, the parasite has two hosts, that is, a mammalian as the host...

The human body consists of soft tissues and bony structures. As among the soft tissues itself, there are very little differences in density to provide enough contrast to visualize the anatomic details. It is necessary to differentiate the density of the organ to provide desired contrast. The factor associates with the contrast include the characteristic of the tissues that comprise the anatomical part, technical factors utilized, characteristic of the images receptor; automatic processor and...

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia that is induced by decreased cellular glucose uptake and metabolism. Control of plasma glucose concentration is vital to decrease the incidence and severity of long term diabetic complications. Currently, dietary changes, oral hyperglycemic agents or insulin injections are utilized to prevent hyperglycemia. Many synthetic antidiabetic agents were developed. But they produce some serious side effects and are relatively expensive for developing...

In cases where the separation and fractionation of nanomaterial is not possible using a column with a stationary phase, such as when the nanomaterial may interact with the column packing material and render it unstable under high shear force. Field flow fractionation (FFF) technique can be much helpful. FFF, first introduced by J. Calvin Giddings in 1966 [1, 2], is a family of flow-based separation and characterization techniques developed specifically for macromolecules, colloidal particles,...

Diatom is microscopic photosynthetic plankton found almost anywhere where there is water, single-celled autotrophic organism having highly ornate siliceous walls. They can occur in large amounts and forms, and the number of species estimated to be over 100 000. You can find roughly around 6 million of diatoms per cubic foot of seawater. Organically is very important because their photosynthesis accounts for approximately 25-30% of the organic carbon sequestration and thus a significant part of...

EPA has classified inorganic Arsenic (As) as a Group 'A', human carcinogen. Along with water, and soil As also entered into the food chain prominently around the Gangetic belt of Bangladesh and India thus, posing threat on the exposed population. Therefore, the study was undertaken to investigate the entry of As in food materials along the levee of river Ganges in Bihar (India). Water samples were collected from Hand Tube Wells, soil and four representative food samples Wheat, Rice, Pulse and...

Introduction Cockles are small, bivalve molluscs from the family Cardiidae that are found in sheltered beaches around the world. There are over 200 species of cockles found in various places, but the most common species around the UK is the Cerastoderma edule, also known as the Common Cockle. The Common Cockle is found on beaches on the northern European coastline from the Bearing Sea as far south as the north western coast of Africa. The Common Cockle is the most abundant species of...

Structure function studies of Helicobacter pylori urease accessory proteins UreF and UreH - protein engineering studies and structure determination of the ternary UreG/UreF/UreH complex Abstract Colonization of Helicobacter pylori in acidic stomach requires the activity of urease, which hydrolyzes urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. To become enzymatically active, the apo-urease undergoes a post-translation carbamylation of an active-site lysine residue, followed by insertion of two nickel...