This report attempts to discuss what happens when there is altered physiology, in this case cirrhosis and what happens during this change. The liver is the largest gland in the body and is one of the most critical organs as it has various functions one of the major functions is its digestive function. The liver is also responsible for the removal of toxins so that they can be removed from the body. The liver also has associated organs, one being the gall bladder, which is responsible for...

GC x GC is an analytical technique that can be used to separate the volatile organic compounds in a gaseous mixture based on two different separation mechanisms. The Gas Chromatograph usually consists of two columns with different stationary phases ie., Capillary Column and Secondary Oven coupled in series. Between the two columns is a trapping and cooling device which is called the Thermal Modulator The first dimension column is a conventional GC- separation, with a normal GC-column length in...

However, there are numerous risks and issues associated with the frequent use of engineered nano materials. The number of nano materials and their wide range of applications are multiplying day by day. Research has been conducted on vast scales regarding the potential dangers of nano particles to biological organisms. These researches have drawn roots from academia, industry, and governmental regulatory agencies all over the world. Conducting reliable biocompatibility studies with...

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that paclitaxel could function as a radiosensitizer for malignant glioma in vitro and in vivo. The radiosensitizing effect of paclitaxel was tested in vitro using the human U373MG and rat 9L glioma cell lines. Cell cycle arrest in response to paclitaxel exposure was quantified by flow cytometry. Cells were subsequently irradiated and toxicity was measured using the clonogenic assay. Flow cytometry demonstrated G2/M arrest in both U373MG and 9L...

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacteria, Mycobacteria tuberculosis (4). Transmission of tuberculosis is relatively easy in that only a couple of the bacilli are needed to be inhaled in order for a person to contract the disease, easy transmission allows it to become a global epidemic (4). In the paper titled, Tuberculosis by Gary Maartens and Robert J. Wilkinson, they reviewed several key points regarding the epidemiology of tuberculosis, host-pathogen interaction,...

Epigenetic modifications work in concert with genetic mechanisms to regulate transcriptional activity in normal tissues and are often dysregulated in disease. Although they are somatically heritable, modifications of DNA and histones are also reversible, making them good targets for therapeutic intervention. Epigenetic changes often precede disease pathology, making them valuable diagnostic indicators for disease risk or prognostic indicators for disease progression. Several inhibitors of...

The application of no-take marine reserves is expected to increase density and average size of individuals of species targeted by fisheries. The majority of evidence supporting such expectations still involves comparisons of density at the one time of sites with and without marine reserve protection. This study investigated the effects of marine reserve protection on coral reef fish on the inshore islands of Great Barrier Reef. Although the density of Plectropomus spp. and Lutjanus carponotatus...

The lungs are the main organs of respiration which are two in number placed one on either side within the thorax, and separated from each other by the heart (Fig: 1). Lungs are highly elastic. The lung surface is smooth, shining, and marked out into numerous polyhedral areas, indicating the lobules of the organ. The right lung usually weighs about 625 gm, the left being 567 gm. Both of them are conical in shape. The right lung, although 2.5 cm shorter than the left, in consequence of the...

Haemophilia is a bleeding disorder caused by defects in blood coagulation protein factor VIII (FVIII) or factor IX (FIX). As there is no permanent cure for this disease, prenatal diagnosis has become an important way to prevent the birth of children with haemophilia phenotype. Genetic method is an important part of prenatal diagnosis. PCR has play a fundamental role in this method and become the most widely used technique in haemophiliac diagnosis.1 InstructionHaemophilia is a bleeding disorder...

All molecules absorb light at certain wavelengths.  The absorption of light by a solution may be used to determine the concentration of a solute or a mixture of solutes in solution. The Beer-Lambert law refers to the linear relationship between absorbance (A), and concentration (C) of an absorbing species. According to the two fundamental principals that govern the absorption of light by a solution, the absorption of light passing through a solution is exponentially related to the number of...